How can I estimate statistical power for a structural equation model?
This is a question that often arises when using structural equation models in practice, sometimes once a study is completed but more often in the…
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What are modification indices and should I use them when fitting SEMs to my own data?
This is a great question and is one that prompts much disagreement among quantitative methodologists. Nearly all confirmatory factor analysis or structural equation models impose…
What is the difference between a growth model estimated as a multilevel model versus as a structural equation model?
This very common question reflects a great deal of unnecessary confusion about how to select a specific analytic approach for modeling longitudinal data. The general…
How can I define nonlinear trajectories in a growth curve model?
Growth curve models, whether estimated as a multilevel model (MLM) or a structural equation model (SEM), have become widely used in many areas of behavioral,…
Can I estimate an SEM if the sample data are not normally distributed?
Continuous distributions are typically described by their mean (central tendency), variance (spread), skew (asymmetry), and kurtosis (thickness of tails). A normal distribution assumes a skew…